<b>HRAC Group 9</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy G) </font> resistant Parthenium hysterophorus from Mexico

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 9 (LEGACY G) RESISTANT RAGWEED PARTHENIUM
(Parthenium hysterophorus)

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Mexico, Martinez de la Torre

INTRODUCTION		RAGWEED PARTHENIUM
Ragweed Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In Mexico this weed first evolved resistance to Group 9 (Legacy G) herbicides in 2017 and infests Oranges. Group 9 (Legacy G) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (Inhibition of EPSP synthase). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to glyphosate and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 9 (Legacy G) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Jun 22, 2020 )
Common Name	Ragweed Parthenium
Species	Parthenium hysterophorus
Group	Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
Herbicides	glyphosate
Location	Mexico, Martinez de la Torre
Year	2017
Situation(s)	Oranges
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Hugo Cruz-Hipólito, Rafael De Prado, and Ja Dominguez Valenzuela
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Ragweed Parthenium biotype with this Ragweed Parthenium biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 9 resistant Ragweed Parthenium have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 9 (Legacy G) resistant Ragweed Parthenium from Mexico indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 9 (Legacy G) resistant Ragweed Parthenium from Mexico please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

HUGO CRUZ-HIPÓLITO

Research Asociate Universidad De Córdoba Química Agrícola Y Edafología Campus Universitario De Rabanales Edif. C-3 3ª Planta Córdoba, 14002 Spain Email Hugo Cruz-Hipólito

RAFAEL DE PRADO

Research Asociate Universidad De Cordoba Qvimica Agricola Y Edafologa E T S Ingenieros Agronomos PO Box 119 Cordoba, E-14080, Andalusia Spain Email Rafael De Prado

JA DOMINGUEZ VALENZUELA

Phd Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Parasitología Agrícola Area De Malezas Departamento De Parasitología Agricola Texcoco, 56230, Andalusia Mexico Email Ja Dominguez Valenzuela

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Mexico have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Hugo Cruz-Hipólito, Rafael De Prado, and Ja Dominguez Valenzuela for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Ragweed Parthenium Globally
(Parthenium hysterophorus)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Brazil

2004

Soybean

chlorimuron-ethyl, cloransulam-methyl, foramsulfuron, imazethapyr, and iodosulfuron-methyl-Na

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Colombia

2004

Fruit

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Mexico

2017

Oranges

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Florida)

2014

Fallow, Industrial sites, Railways, and Roadsides

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Candelario Palma-Bautista , Javid Gherekhloo, Pablo Alfredo Domínguez-Martínez, José Alfredo Domínguez-Valenzuela, Hugo Enrique Cruz-Hipolito, Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz, Antonia M. Rojano-Delgado, Rafael De Prado. 2019. Characterization of three glyphosate resistant Parthenium hysterophorus populations collected in citrus groves from Mexico. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 155 : 1 - 7.

Continuous use of glyphosate in citrus groves in the Gulf of Mexico region has selected for resistant Parthenium hysterophorus L. populations. In this study, the target-site and non-target-site resistance mechanisms were characterized in three putative glyphosate-resistant (GR) P. hysterophorus populations, collected in citrus groves from Acateno, Puebla (GR1 and GR2) and Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz (GR3), and compared with a susceptible population (GS). Based on plant mortality, the GR populations were 9.2–17.3 times more resistant to glyphosate than the GS population. The low shikimate accumulation in the GR population confirmed this resistance. Based on plant mortality and shikimate accumulation, the GR3 population showed intermediate resistance to glyphosate. The GR populations absorbed 15–28% less 14C-glyphosate than the GS population (78.7% absorbed from the applied) and retained 48.7–70.7% of 14C-glyphosate in the treated leaf, while the GS population translocated ~68% of absorbed herbicide to shoots and roots. The GR3 population showed the lowest translocation and absorption rates, but was found to be susceptible at the target site level. The 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene sequence of the GR1 and GR2 populations showed the Pro106-Ser mutation, conferring 19- and 25-times more resistance in comparison to the GS population, respectively. Reduced absorption and impaired translocation conferred glyphosate resistance on the GR3 population, and contributed partially to the resistance of the GR1 and GR2 populations. Additionally, the Pro-106-Ser mutation increased the glyphosate resistance of the last two P. hysterophorus populations..

Bracamonte, E., Fernández-Moreno, P. T., Barro, F., & De Prado, R.. 2016. Glyphosate-Resistant Parthenium hysterophorus in the Caribbean Islands: Non Target Site Resistance and Target Site Resistance in Relation to Resistance Levels. 7 : 1845 - .

Glyphosate has been the most intensely herbicide used worldwide for decades, and continues to be a single tool for controlling weeds in woody crops. However, the adoption of this herbicide in a wide range of culture systems has led to the emergence of resistant weeds. Glyphosate has been widely used primarily on citrus in the Caribbean area, but a study of resistance in the Caribbean islands of Cuba and the Dominican Republic has never been carried out. Unfortunately, Parthenium hysterophorus has developed glyphosate-resistance in both islands, independently. The resistance level and mechanisms of different P. hysterophorus accessions (three collected in Cuba (Cu-R) and four collected in the Dominican Republic (Do-R) have been studied under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. In in vivo assays (glyphosate dose causing 50% reduction in above-ground vegetative biomass and survival), the resistance factor levels showed susceptible accessions (Cu-S ≥ Do-S), low-resistance accessions (Cu-R3 < Do-R4), medium-resistance accessions (Do-R3 < Cu-R2 < Do-R2) and high-resistance accessions (Do-R1 < Cu-R1). In addition, the resistance factor levels were similar to those found in the shikimic acid accumulation at 1000 μM of glyphosate (Cu-R1 ≥ Do-R1 > Do-R2 > Cu-R2 > Do-R3 > Do-R4 > Cu-R3 >> Cu-S ≥ Do-S). Glyphosate was degraded to aminomethylphosphonic acid, glyoxylate and sarcosine by >88% in resistant accessions except in Cu-R3 and Do-R4 resistant accessions (51.12 and 44.21, respectively), whereas a little glyphosate (<9.32%) was degraded in both susceptible accessions at 96 h after treatment. There were significant differences between P. hysterophorus accessions in the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) activity enzyme with and without different glyphosate rates. The R accessions showed values of between 0.026 and 0.21 μmol μg−1 TSP protein min−1 basal EPSPS activity values with respect to the S (0.024 and 0.025) accessions. The same trend was found in the EPSPS enzyme activity treated with glyphosate, where a higher enzyme activity inhibition (glyphosate μM) corresponded to greater resistance levels in P. hysterophorus accessions. One amino acid substitution was found at position 106 in EPSPS, consisting of a proline to serine change in Cu-R1, Do-R1 Do-R2. The above-mentioned results indicate that high resistance values are determined by the number of defense mechanisms (target-site and non-target-site resistance) possessed by the different P. hysterophorus accessions, concurrently..

Rosario, J. ; Fuentes, C. L. ; Prado, R. de. 2009. Resistance of Parthenium hysterophorus, L to the glyphosate herbicide: a new case herbicides resistance in Colombia. : 455 - 458.

In Colombia, Parthenium hysterophorus L. has been treated intensively with glyphosate during more than 15 years in fruit orchards. This work was to evaluate the Parthenium response to glyphosate and to confirm the herbicide resistance. Two biotypes of P. hysterophorus seeds were collected in "La Rioja" fruit orchards and in "La Isla" village, next to an irrigation water channel, respectively. "La Rioja" biotype was suspected as resistant; and "La Isla" as susceptible biotype. One experiment dose response was conducted in greenhouse conditions. Were used the doses 0.0, 0.09, 0.72, 1.44, 2.16, 4.32, 6.48 y 8.64 kg de glyphosate ha^-1. It was used hazard complete design and hazard completes blocks. We evaluated air biomass fresh weight. It was determined the ED₅₀ and the resistance factor. According to the ED₅₀, the biotype La Rioja needed doses 3.5 times higher than biotype La Isla, for reducing the response in 50% in greenhouse. This is the first report in world about glyphosate resistance of P. hysterophorus..

Rosario, J. ; Fuentes, C. L. ; Cruz-Hipolito, H. ; Prado, R. de. 2009. Foliar uptake and translocation of glyphosate in biotypes of Parthenium hysterophorus. : 465 - 468.

Glyphosate applications over 15 years in fruit orchards in Colombia, have evolved resistance in Parthenium hysterophorus L. This response could be generated by herbicides absorption and translocation disorders. An assay was carried out in order to study the absorption and translocation of glyphosate and to determine their relationship to resistance diagnosed in P. hysterophorus. 10 µL of a radio labeled solution with ¹⁴C-glyphosate (0,464 µCi/mL) was applied on biotype "La Rioja" resistant seedlings with 7-8 leaves and of the susceptible one "La Isla", depositing with a microsyringe 10 drops per leaf on each plant. The activity was measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after application of the herbicide (H.A.A.). The treatments were distributed in a complete random design. Total penetration, total migration, and migration to other foliar tissues (O.F.T.) and to the roots were calculated. The corresponding statistic analyses were made with the SAS^TM package. In both biotypes, the absorption of ¹⁴C-glyphosate was similar at 72 H.A.A., i.e. 44.9% in the resistant biotype and 48.4% in the susceptible one. However, total migration was different, 21.0% in "La Rioja" resistant and, 26.9% in the susceptible biotype "La Isla". The migration of ¹⁴C-glyphosate 24 H.A.A. from the leaf treated to the O.F.T. in the resistant biotype "La Rioja" was two-fold greater than in the susceptible biotype "La Isla". The early migration of the herbicide towards the O.F.T. explains the resistance in P. hysterophorus better than the penetration and total migration..

Rosario, J. ; Fuentes, C. ; Prado, R. de ; Cruz, H.. 2009. Resistance of Parthenium hysterophorus, L to the glyphosate: a new case of resistance in Colombia. : 397 - 404.

In fruit orchards of Colombia, Parthenium hysterophorus L has been treated for over 15 years with glyphosate isopropylamine salt (six times a year), but this control is now failing and the evolution of resistance has been suspected. Two experiments were conducted to confirm resistance of P. hysterophorus to glyphosate, and to study the relationship of foliar uptake and translocation with resistance to the herbicide. Seeds of two biotypes were collected from the "La Rioja" fruit orchard, suspected to be resistant and from "La Isla", next to an irrigation water channel, as a susceptible control. Both experiments were carried out in lab and greenhouse. Our investigation confirmed the first case of glyphosate resistance evolution in P. hysterophorus (R.F. 6.23) reported in the world. The ¹⁴C-glyphosate translocation behavior was a better explanation of the resistance mechanism than ¹⁴Cglyphosate uptake in P. hysterophorus..

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