<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Setaria faberi from Spain

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT GIANT FOXTAIL
(Setaria faberi)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Spain

INTRODUCTION		GIANT FOXTAIL
Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Spain this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1987 and infests Corn (maize). Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Nov 19, 2000 )
Common Name	Giant Foxtail
Species	Setaria faberi
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	atrazine
Location	Spain
Year	1987
Situation(s)	Corn (maize)
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Rafael De Prado
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Rafael De Prado

Palma Del Rio, Almodovar Del Rio (Cordoba)

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GENERAL

Rafael De Prado

Target site mechanism of resistance.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Giant Foxtail biotype with this Giant Foxtail biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Giant Foxtail have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Giant Foxtail from Spain indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Giant Foxtail from Spain please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

RAFAEL DE PRADO

Universidad De Cordoba Qvimica Agricola Y Edafologa E T S Ingenieros Agronomos PO Box 119 Cordoba, E-14080, Andalusia Spain Email Rafael De Prado

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Spain have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Rafael De Prado for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Giant Foxtail Globally
(Setaria faberi)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Canada (Ontario)

2003

Soybean

imazethapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Spain

1987

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Maryland)

1984

Corn (maize), and Cropland

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Wisconsin)

1991

Carrots, Corn (maize), Onions, and Sweet corn

fluazifop-butyl, and sethoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

United States (Iowa)

1992

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Iowa)

1994

Soybean

clethodim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-butyl, quizalofop-ethyl, and sethoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

United States (Minnesota)

1996

Corn (maize), and Soybean

imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, and primisulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Illinois)

1998

Soybean

clethodim, and fluazifop-butyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

United States (Wisconsin)

1999

Corn (maize), and Soybean

imazethapyr, and nicosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Pennsylvania)

2004

Corn (maize)

foramsulfuron, imazamox, and nicosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Indiana)

2004

Corn (maize)

nicosulfuron, and rimsulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Michigan)

2006

Corn (maize), and Soybean

foramsulfuron, imazethapyr, and nicosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Illinois)

2007

Corn (maize), and Soybean

imazethapyr, and nicosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Specific Papers about this Case

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Prado, R. de ; Lopez-Martinez, N. ; Gonzalez-Gutierrez, J.. 2000. Identification of two mechanisms of atrazine resistance in Setaria faberi and Setaria viridis biotypes. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 67 : 114 - 124.

The effects of atrazine and other triazine herbicides were compared on two biotypes of Setaria faberi and S. viridis that were not controlled by atrazine in maize fields in Spain. S. faberi and S. viridis biotypes from treated maize fields had no significant inhibition of photosynthetic activity following incubation with atrazine (100 µM). The R biotypes of S. faberi and S. viridis were 10.0 and 6.96 times less sensitive to atrazine than the S biotypes, respectively. Results from ED50, absorption and translocation, and fast fluorescence assays showed that S. faberi and S. viridis could have 2 mechanisms of resistance: a detoxification mechanism and a target site mutation in the R biotypes of both species. Hill reaction assays suggested that resistance was due to a mutation in the D1 protein. R and S biotypes detoxified atrazine to a similar extent, but R biotypes metabolized atrazine to conjugate atrazine faster than the S biotypes. Atrazine metabolism analysis was carried out with 5 species of Setaria. The hierarchy of tolerance level to atrazine was: S. verticillata = S. adherens [?S. adhaerens = S. verticilliata] > S. faberi = S. viridis >> S. glauca [S. pumila]. The R biotypes of S. faberi and S. viridis were cross-resistant to all the triazine herbicides used..

Prado, R. de ; Romero, E. ; Tena, M.. 1993. Chloroplastic susceptibility of three Setaria species to different photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides. : 239 - 242.

The chloroplastic susceptibility of S. faberi, S. glauca [S. pumila] and S. viridis to several triazine herbicides was investigated using Hill reaction assays. Results showed a cross-resistance between resistant biotypes and different herbicides, indicating the following order of resistance: chloro-s-triazines > methoxy-s-triazines > methylthio-s-triazines = as-triazines..

Prado, R. de ; Romero, E. ; Menéndez, J. ; Tena, M.. 1992. Mechanism of resistance to atrazine in Setaria verticillata and Setaria faberi.. : 457 - 463.

Growth chamber experiments revealed that atrazine-resistant S. verticillata plants developed from seed collected from both atrazine-treated and non-treated maize fields in the province of Cordóba, whereas atrazine-resistant S. faberi biotypes only developed in the treated fields. The resistance to atrazine of S. verticillata from both situations was apparently due to detoxification by conjugation of the herbicide with glutathione. The atrazine-resistant S. faberi biotype could be explained by a dual mechanism: (i) a lower affinity of the herbicide for the target site in the D1 protein, and (ii) by conjugation. Although the non-treated biotype of S. faberi conjugated glutathione to atrazine, it did so less efficiently than the corresponding resistant biotype..

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Literature about Similar Cases

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Abit, M. J. M. ; Al-Khatib, K. ; Olson, B. L. ; Stahlman, P. W. ; Geier, P. W. ; Thompson, C. R. ; Currie, R. S. ; Schlegel, A. J. ; Holman, J. D. ; Hudson, K. A. ; Shoup, D. E. ; Moechnig, M. J. ; Grichar, W. J. ; Bean, B. W.. 2011. Efficacy of postemergence herbicides tankmixes in aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant grain sorghum. Crop Protection 30 : 1623 - 1628.

The development of aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP)-resistant grain sorghum could provide additional opportunities for postemergence herbicide grass control in grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted in Texas (Bushland, and Yoakum), Kansas (Dodge City, Garden City, Hays, Manhattan, Colby, Ottawa, and Tribune), and South Dakota (Highmore) to evaluate the efficacy of quizalofop tank mixes in APP-resistant grain sorghum. Quizalofop was applied alone or in combination with dicamba, 2,4-D, prosulfuron, 2,4-D+metsulfuron methyl, or halosulfuron methyl+dicamba. Herbicides were applied when sorghum was 12-50 cm in height. Overall weed control was greater when quizalofop was applied with other herbicides than when applied alone. At 2 and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.), and green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] control were greater than 90% when quizalofop was applied alone or in combination with dicamba, halosulfuron methyl+dicamba, or prosulfuron. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.), puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris L.), and tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus L.) control were greater than 90% in all treatments except when quizalofop was applied alone. Herbicide treatments, except those that included 2,4-D, caused slight to no sorghum injury. Grain sorghum yield was greater for all herbicide treatments compared to the weedy check. This research showed that application of quizalofop in combination with broadleaf weed herbicides provided excellent weed control in sorghum..

Calha, Im; Rocha, F; Ruiz-Santaella, Jr; Cruz-Hipolito, He. 2008. Two decades of herbicide resistance in the Iberian Peninsula. Journal Of Plant Diseases And Protection : 79 - 84.

About 20 years ago the first case of herbicide resistance in the Iberian Peninsula was reported: Amaranthus spp. R to atrazine in Spanish orchards. Since then, herbicide resistance has evolved in many weed species. Changes on agricultural practices namely new tillage systems, new rotational programmes, combined with the increased use of herbicides led to the selection of weed biotypes resistant to a wide range of herbicides. Nowadays such a problem affects the most important crops of this Peninsula (maize, wheat, rice, citrus and olive orchards), a spectrum of 26 weed species (14 dicotyledonous and 12 monocotyledonous) with biotypes resistant to several herbicides, namely to ALS inhibitors (Alisma plantago-aquatica, Cyperus difformis, Conyza albida, Aster squamatus, Avena sterilis and Papaver rhoeas), to ACCase inhibitors (Lolium rigidum), to PS II inhibitors (Amaranthus albus, A. blitoides, A. cruentus, A. hybridus, A. retroflexus, Bromus tectorum, Chenopodium album, Conyza bonariensis, C. canadensis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Polygonum lapathifolium, Setaria faberi, S. glauca, S. verticillata, S. viridis and Solanum nigrum), to ureas and amides (B. tectorum and Alopecurus myosuroides), to synthetic auxins (E. crus-galli) and more recently to the herbicide glyphosate (C. bonariensis; L. rigidum and L. multiflorum). Diversity of resistance mechanisms responsible for resistance in this Region involved target site resistance, enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism and multiple resistance. This paper reviews the actual situation in Iberian Peninsula and gives a perspective of adequate strategies for weed management considering the resistance mechanism, the availability of alternative herbicides and other cultural practices.

Richardson, R. J. ; Zandstra, B. H.. 2006. Evaluation of flumioxazin and other herbicides for weed control in gladiolus. Weed Technology 20 : 394 - 398.

Two studies were conducted near Bronson, Michigan, USA, to determine gladiolus (Gladiolus sp.) tolerance and weed control with flumioxazin and other herbicide treatments. The first study was conducted in 2002, 2003 and 2004 to evaluate weed control and gladiolus injury with flumioxazin and 14 other pre-emergence treatments. Crop injury over the 3-year period was less than 6% and was considered commercially acceptable with flumioxazin, linuron, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prometryn, S-metolachlor and sulfentrazone. Gladiolus stand count, height, and flower count were similar to those of the nontreated control with these treatments. Clomazone, halosulfuron, imazamox, imazapic, mesotrione, oxyfluorfen, rimsulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron resulted in unacceptable crop injury. Of the acceptable treatments, only flumioxazin controlled (at least 68%) common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and foxtail species (Setaria faberi and S. viridis var. robusta-purpurea). The second study was conducted in 2003 and 2004. Flumioxazin was evaluated at 4 rates, in mixtures with S-metolachlor and oryzalin, and in comparison with isoxaben plus oryzalin. Gladiolus injury did not exceed 6%. Common ragweed, annual grass (Digitaria sanguinalis and Eragrostis cilianensis), and yellow nutsedge control were at least 63% with all flumioxazin treatments..

Zuver, K. A. ; Bernards, M. L. ; Kells, J. J. ; Sprague, C. L. ; Medlin, C. R. ; Loux, M. M.. 2006. Evaluation of postemergence weed control strategies in herbicide-resistant isolines of corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology 20 : 172 - 178.

Herbicide-resistant maize hybrids offer additional options for postemergence (POST) weed control in maize, and growers may benefit from information on the consistency of these weed control strategies. Studies were conducted in Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Ohio, USA, in 2000 and 2001, to evaluate weed control among herbicide strategies for imidazolinone-resistant, glufosinate-resistant, glyphosate-resistant, and conventional maize. Isogenic hybrids were utilized to minimize variation in growth and yield potential among hybrids. The glyphosate-resistant maize postemergence (glyphosate-POST) treatment provided more consistent control of giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) than the PRE, conventional maize postemergence (conventional-POST), glufosinate-resistant maize postemergence (glufosinate-POST), and imidazolinone-resistant maize postemergence (imi-POST) treatments. All four POST treatments were more consistent and provided greater control than the PRE treatment of the large-seeded broadleaf weeds such as velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida), common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), and morningglory species (Ipomoea spp.). Conventional-POST and imi-POST were more consistent than glufosinate-POST and glyphosate-POST treatments in controlling giant ragweed. There were no statistical differences in the variability of PRE or POST treatments for control of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Maize yield varied among locations and years. The glyphosate-POST treatment did not reduce yield relative to the weed-free treatment, the imi-POST and glufosinate-POST treatments each reduced yield in one of eight locations, and the conventional-POST treatment reduced yield in three of eight locations..

Richardson, R. J. ; Wilson, H. P. ; Armel, G. R. ; Hines, T. E.. 2005. Responses of imidazolinone-resistant corn, several weeds, and two rotational crops to trifloxysulfuron. Weed Technology 19 : 744 - 748.

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted in Virginia, USA, in 2000, 2001, and 2002 to evaluate the response of imidazolinone-resistant (IR) maize and selected weeds to trifloxysulfuron applied postemergence (POST). Treatments included a nontreated control and S-metolachlor applied preemergence at 1075 g/ha followed by (fb) trifloxysulfuron POST at 0, 3.8, 7.5, 11.2, and 15 g/ha. IR maize visible injury was less than 6% from field applications of trifloxysulfuron. Visual symptoms were transient, and IR maize yield was not affected by trifloxysulfuron. Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), annual grass species (giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)), and carpetweed ( Mollugo verticillata) were controlled by at least 95% by S-metolachlor fb trifloxysulfuron applications. Morningglory species (ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea [Pharbitis hederacea]), pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), and tall morningglory (Ipomoea purpurea [Pharbitis purpurea])) were controlled by at least 97% in 2000 and greater than 77% in 2001 from S-metolachlor fb trifloxysulfuron. Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) was not adequately controlled. S-metolachlor alone controlled annual grass species 90% but did not control the broadleaf weeds that were present. Wheat was planted following IR maize harvest, and non-IR maize was planted the following spring. No visible response was observed to rotational wheat or non-IR maize crops. Rotational non-IR maize yield was not affected by trifloxysulfuron and was not different from the yield of maize treated with S-metolachlor alone. In greenhouse studies, IR maize was injured 10% at 10 days after treatment with 380 g/ha trifloxysulfuron POST, but recovery was rapid. Based upon results, trifloxysulfuron may be used as an herbicide in IR maize, and rotational wheat and non-IR maize may be planted at normal intervals after cotton harvest..

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