<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Rotala indica var. uliginosa from Japan

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT KIKASHIGUSA
(Rotala indica var. uliginosa)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Japan, Akita

INTRODUCTION		KIKASHIGUSA
Kikashigusa (Rotala indica var. uliginosa) is a dicot weed in the Lythraceae family. In Japan this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 1997 and infests Rice. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Dec 28, 2013 )
Common Name	Kikashigusa
Species	Rotala indica var. uliginosa
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	pyrazosulfuron-ethyl
Location	Japan, Akita
Year	1997
Situation(s)	Rice
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Kazuyuki Itoh
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Kikashigusa biotype with this Kikashigusa biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Kikashigusa have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Kikashigusa from Japan please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

KAZUYUKI ITOH

Professor Kobe University Graduate School of Agricultural Science １-１ Rokkodaicho Kobe, 657-0013, Hyogo Japan Email Kazuyuki Itoh

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Japan have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Kazuyuki Itoh for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Kikashigusa Globally
(Rotala indica var. uliginosa)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Japan

1997

Rice

pyrazosulfuron-ethyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Procópio, S. O. ; Santos, J. B. ; Silva, A. A. ; Pires, F. R. ; Ribeiro Júnior, J. I. ; Santos, E. A. ; Ferreira, L. R.. 2004. Plant selection with potential for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with trifloxysulfuron sodium. Planta Daninha 22 : 315 - 322.

This study aimed to identify trifloxysulfuron sodium-selective plants to be used in phytoremediation programmes for this herbicide in soil. Ten plants were evaluated: Medicago sativa, Avena strigosa [A. nuda], Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia ensiformis, Helianthus annuus, Dolichos lablab [Lablab purpureus], Stylosanthes guianensis, Mucuna deeringiana, Raphanus sativus and Eleusine indica, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). Trifloxysulfuron sodium were applied at the rates of 0, 3.75, 7.50 and 15.00 g/ha. Plant height and phytotoxicity visual symptoms were evaluated, and at 60 DAS, dry biomass yield was recorded. It was verified that all species survived the presence of trifloxysulfuron sodium in soil, even when the herbicide was applied twice the recommended rate (15.00 g/ha). However, the species M. deeringiana, D. lablab, C. juncea and S. guianensis were the most tolerant to the herbicide, indicating their potential for use in trifloxysulfuron sodium phytoremediation programmes in soils..

Kuk YongIn ; Kwon OhDo ; Shin DongYoung ; Kwon ByungSun ; Jeong AnGie ; Im IlBin ; Guh JaOck. 2003. Germination and growth of sulfonylurea herbicide-susceptible and -resistant Monochoria vaginalis, Lindernia dubia and Rotala indica biotypes and rice yield loss by the resistant weeds. Korean Journal of Weed Science 23 : 143 - 152.

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted in Jeonnam, Korea during 2001 to compare the growth of sulfonylurea (SU)-resistant and -susceptible M. vaginalis, L. dubia and R. indica biotypes under noncompetitive conditions, and determine rice yield loss caused by the resistant weeds. Germination rates in petri dish were recorded for 6 days after sowing. Plant height, number of leaves, and aboveground biomass were measured periodically at 65 days after transplanting under noncompetitive conditions in the greenhouse. The yield and yield components of rice subjected to competition against resistant weeds were also investigated at harvest. The germination rates in SU-resistant M. vaginalis and R. indica biotypes were higher than in the SU-susceptible biotypes. However, the germination rates in L. dubia did not differ between the resistant and susceptible biotypes. The plant height, number of leaves, and aboveground biomass of SU-resistant and -susceptible M. vaginalis, L. dubia and R. indica biotypes did not significantly vary except for plant height in L. dubia under noncompetitive conditions. This indicates that the resistant biotypes are most likely as competitive as the susceptible biotypes. Rice yield was reduced by 65, 44 and 35% by resistant M. vaginalis, L. dubia and R. indica, respectively, that escaped the pyrazosulfuron-ethyl plus molinate compared with hand weeding in direct-sown rice culture. Rice yield loss was directly due to the number of panicles produced per plant and spikelets per panicle..

Kuk YongIn ; Kwon OhDo ; Jung HaIl ; Burgos, N. R. ; Guh JaOck. 2002. Cross-resistance pattern and alternative herbicides for Rotala indica resistant to imazosulfuron in Korea. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 74 : 129 - 138.

A Rotala indica accession from Chonnam province, Korea was tested for resistance to sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide, imazosulfuron. The accession was confirmed to be resistant (R) and was cross-resistant to other SU herbicides, bensulfuron-methyl, cyclosulfamuron, and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, but not to imidazolinone herbicides, imazapyr, and imazaquin. Multiple resistance was tested using eight herbicides with target sites other than acetolactate synthase (ALS). The R biotype was susceptible to other herbicides with different modes of action, such as fentrazamide and mefenacet. Herbicide mixtures, butachlor+pyrazolate and MCPB+molinate+simetryne can also control R biotype of R. indica. Although mixtures of SU herbicides with other modes of action can control the R biotype, use of these mixtures should be avoided. In vivo ALS activity of the R biotype was 35-, 26-, 278-, and 7-fold more resistant to bensulfuron-methyl, cyclosulfamuron, imazosulfuron, and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, respectively, than the S biotype. The resistance mechanism of R. indica to imazosulfuron was mainly due to an alteration in the target enzyme, ALS. Since the level of resistance to other SU herbicides in the enzyme assay was much lower than that in the whole-plant assay, other mechanisms of resistance, such as herbicide metabolism, or reduced absorption and translocation may be involved. There was no indication of fitness difference between the R and S biotypes..

Kuk YongIn ; Lee DoJin ; Kwon OhDo. 2002. Resistant responses of the remaining weeds to sulfonylurea herbicides in Jeonnam, Korea. Korean Journal of Weed Science 22 : 163 - 171.

The remaining weed species in paddy fields was evaluated in Jeonnam, Korea, by questionnaire investigation and based on resistant responses to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors. Out of 114 farms in 15 districts, 50% of the farms had cultivated rice as a part of the farm income. Mechanical transplanting has been employed in more than 80% of the total cultivated rice fields. The most common herbicide treatments at post-transplanting included butachlor (17.5% of the total farms), pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+molinate (15.8%) and bensulfuron-methyl [bensulfuron]+molinate (12.3%). The most common weeds remaining after the herbicide treatment included Echinochloa crus-galli (24.6% of the total farms) and Monochoria vaginalis (23.7%). All remaining weeds were controlled by hand-weeding (39.8% of total farms) or by herbicide retreatment (29.8%). The same herbicide was used for 2 (32.5%) or 3 years (21.1%) in the same fields. In addition, 43.9% of the farmers used recommended herbicide rates, however, 40.4% of the farmers used rates higher than recommended. The weeds that germinated in 201 paddy field soils collected in Jeonnam included E. crus-galli, M. vaginalis, Lindernia procumbens, L. dubia and Rotala indica. M. vaginalis, Lindernia procumbens, L. dubia and R. indica were resistant to imazosulfuron in 74 of the 201 paddy field soils collected. M. vaginalis showed resistance to imazosulfuron in 61 different field samples. L. lubia, L. procumbens and R. indica accounted for the remainder of the weeds resistant to imazosulfuron. All the resistant weeds confirmed cross-resistance to ALS inhibitors, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, cinosulfuron, cyclosulfamuron, imazosulfuron, LGC-42153 and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl..

Blancaver, M. E. A. ; Itoh, K. ; Usui, K.. 2002. Response of the sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant Rotala indica Koehne var. uliginosa Koehne to bispyribac sodium and imazamox. Weed Biology and Management 2 : 60 - 63.

Experiments were conducted for 2 consecutive rice cropping seasons to determine the responses of the resistant and susceptible biotypes of Rotala indica (Indian toothcup) to bispyribac sodium (BS) and imazamox (IM). The first experiment was conducted from May to July 2000 in Japan. Herbicides were top-dressed 6 weeks after seedling emergence, when plant height was approximately 2-3 cm. The second experiment was conducted from May to July 2001 in Japan. Both biotypes were treated with BS and IM. The rates were determined based on the results of the first experiment and were specific for each herbicide and biotype, except for IM. In the first experiment, the resistant and susceptible biotypes did not show any significant difference in shoot length and dry weight 3 weeks after BS and IM application. In the second experiment, no significant difference in shoot length, root length, dry weight, and mortality was observed between the biotypes. BS, at rates lower than the recommended (200 g a.i./ha), substantially reduced the growth of both the resistant and susceptible biotypes of R. indica. IM treatment, in contrast, had minimal effect on both biotypes even at higher rates..

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