<b>HRAC Group 4</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy O) </font> resistant Fimbristylis miliacea from Malaysia

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 4 (LEGACY O) RESISTANT GLOBE FRINGERUSH
(Fimbristylis miliacea)

Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Malaysia, Kedah

INTRODUCTION		GLOBE FRINGERUSH
Globe Fringerush (Fimbristylis miliacea) is a monocot weed in the Cyperaceae family. In Malaysia this weed first evolved resistance to Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides in 1989 and infests Rice. Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides are known as Auxin Mimics (Auxin Mimics ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to 2,4-D and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Jun 06, 2000 )
Common Name	Globe Fringerush
Species	Fimbristylis miliacea
Group	Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
Herbicides	2,4-D
Location	Malaysia, Kedah
Year	1989
Situation(s)	Rice
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Rajan Amartalingam, and Baki Bakar
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Baki Bakar

Kedah State. Kampong Gulau area.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Globe Fringerush biotype with this Globe Fringerush biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 4 resistant Globe Fringerush have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 4 (Legacy O) resistant Globe Fringerush from Malaysia please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

RAJAN AMARTALINGAM

University Of Pertanian Malaysia Fakulti Pertanian Crops Branch 125-3085 Albert St, Upm Serdang, 43400, Selangor Malaysia Email Rajan Amartalingam

BAKI BAKAR

Senior Research Fellow Institute of Biological Sciences, University Of Malaya Dept. Of Botany Faculty of Science Building Kuala Lumpur, 50603 , Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Email Baki Bakar Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Malaysia have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Rajan Amartalingam, and Baki Bakar for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Globe Fringerush Globally
(Fimbristylis miliacea)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Brazil

2001

Rice

pyrazosulfuron-ethyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Malaysia

1989

Rice

2,4-D

Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Venezuela

2010

Rice

imazapyr, imazethapyr, and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Schaedler, C. E. ; Noldin, J. A. ; Eberhardt, D. S. ; Agostinetto, D. ; Burgos, N. R.. 2013. Globe fringerush (Fimbristylis miliacea) cross resistance to als-inhibitor herbicides under field conditions in irrigated rice in the south of Brazil. Planta Daninha 31 : 893 - 902.

ALS-inhibiting herbicides usually provide adequate weed control in irrigated rice fields. After consecutive years of use, the Cyperaceae species, globe fringerush (Fimbristylis miliacea) began to show resistance to ALS (acetolactate synthase) inhibitors. Globe fringerush is one of the most problematic herbicide-resistant weeds in irrigated rice in the state of Santa Catarina in the South of Brazil. The objective of this research was to examine cross resistance of globe fringerush to ALS inhibitors, under field conditions. Two experiments were conducted in a rice field naturally infested with ALS-resistant globe fringerush in Santa Catarina, in the 2008/09 and 2009/10 cropping seasons. The experimental units were arranged in randomized complete block design, with five replicates, consisting of two factors (herbicide and dose) in a 4×5 factorial arrangement. ALS herbicides included bispyribac-sodium, ethoxysulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and penoxsulam. Six-leaf globe fringerush was sprayed with herbicide doses of 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4X the recommended doses in a spray volume of 200 L ha^-1. The number of rice culm, filled and sterile grains, plant height, dry shoot biomass and grain yield were recorded. Globe fringerush control was evaluated 28 and 70 days after herbicide application (DAA); shoots were harvested at 13 weeks after herbicide application and dry weight recorded. Competition with globe fringerush reduced the number of culm and rice grain yield. The globe fringerush biotype in this field was resistant to all ALS herbicides tested. Penoxsulam had the highest level of activity among treatments at 28 and 70 DAA, but the control level was only 50% and 42%, respectively, in the second year of assessment. This was not enough to prevent rice yield loss. Alternative herbicides and weed control strategies are necessary to avoid yield losses in rice fields infested with ALS-resistant biotypes of globe fringerush..

Schaedler, C. E. ; Noldin, J. A. ; Agostinetto, D. ; Magro, T. D. ; Fontana, L. C.. 2013. Germination and growth of Fimbristylis miliacea biotypes resistant and susceptible to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides. Planta Daninha 31 : 687 - 694.

Weed biotypes resistant and susceptible to herbicides may have differences in their adaptive values. The aims of this study were to compare, under controlled and non-competitive condition, the growth analysis, germination features and seed weight of Fimbristylis miliacea (FIMMI) biotypes resistant and susceptible to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse and in a laboratory from October 2008 to February 2010. Two resistant biotypes (FIMMI 10 and FIMMI 12) and one susceptible biotype (FIMMI 13) were used for the studies. For the study on growth analysis, the treatments were arranged in a completely randomized experimental design with four replications and sampled at 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 69 days after emergence (DAE) and at flowering stage. For the studies on germination speed, germination and seed weight, the indexes for germination speed, percentage of germination at different temperatures and seed weight of the biotypes were determined. The results showed that the resistant biotype FIMMI 12 shows differences in all variables compared to the resistant biotype FIMMI 10 and compared to the susceptible biotype FIMMI 13, only for the evaluation at flowering. The susceptible biotype FIMMI 13 showed a higher germination speed index and higher germination rate when compared with the resistant biotypes. On the other hand, the resistant biotypes FIMMI 10 and FIMMI 12 showed higher seed weight..

Ortiz, A. ; Villarreal, L. ; Torres, S. ; Osuna, M. D. ; López, L. ; Figueroa, R. ; Zambrano, C. ; Cásares, M. ; Fischer, A.. 2012. Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl resistant Fimbristylis miliacea in rice fields of Guárico state, Venezuela. Interciencia 37 : 209 - 214.

Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl resistance was evaluated in twelve populations of Fimbristylis miliacea L. Vahl (globe fringerush) collected in paddy fields of Guárico state, Venezuela. Rice growers of this region have been observing failures to control F. miliacea with pirazosulfuron. Bioassays were conducted to detect resistant accessions, quantify resistance levels, and assay differences in ALS sensitivity to pirazosulfuron among resistant (R) and susceptible (S) F. miliacea accessions. For resistance detection, field-collected accessions were treated with 0 and 25 g.ha^-1 i.a. pyrazosulfuron, which is the commercial rate. The above-ground plant fresh biomass was weighed 21 days after spraying. Fresh weight data were converted to percentages of the mean untreated control. This test detected two susceptible accessions (S) (FM11 and FM58) and ten resistant (R) accessions (FM8, FM9, FM69, FM70, FM71, FM72, FM73, FM74, FM80 and FM94). To quantify resistance levels using a dose response experiment, the accession FM9(R) was treated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 g.ha^-1 i.a. pyrazosulfuron and the accession FM58(S) with 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.19, 0.39, 0.78, 1.56, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 g.ha^-1 i.a. The ratio of R to S ED₅₀ from the dose-response experiments was extremely high (>1600 g.ha^-1 i.a.) as was the ratio of R to S I₅₀ values obtained in the ALS activity assay (0, 10, 100, 1000, and 10000 nM pirazosulfuron). This indicates that repeated use of sulfonylurea herbicides for many years in rice fields of Guárico has selected ALS as target-site endowed resistance to pyrazosulfuron..

Rao, A. N. ; Johnson, D. E. ; Sivaprasad, B. ; Ladha, J. K. ; Mortimer, A. M.. 2007. Weed management in direct-seeded rice. Advances in Agronomy 93 : 153 - 255.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a principal source of food for more than half of the world population, especially in South and Southeast Asia and Latin America. Elsewhere, it represents a high-value commodity crop. Change in the method of crop establishment from traditional manual transplanting of seedlings to direct-seeding has occurred in many Asian countries in the last two decades in response to rising production costs, especially for labour and water. Direct-seeding of rice (DSR) may involve sowing pregerminated seed onto a puddled soil surface (wet-seeding) or into shallow standing water (water-seeding), or dry seed into a prepared seedbed (dry-seeding). In Europe, Australia, and the United States, direct-seeding is highly mechanized. The risk of crop yield loss due to competition from weeds by all seeding methods is higher than for transplanted rice because of the absence of the size differential between the crop and weeds and the suppressive effect of standing water on weed growth at crop establishment. Of 1800 species reported as weeds of rice, those of the Cyperaceae and Poaceae are predominant. The adoption of direct-seeding has resulted in a change in the relative abundance of weed species in rice crops. In particular, Echinochloa spp., Ischaemum rugosum, Cyperus difformis, and Fimbristylis miliacea are widely adapted to conditions of DSR. Species exhibit variability in germination and establishment response to the water regime postsowing, which is a major factor in interspecifically selecting constituents of the weed flora. The relatively rapid emergence of "weedy" (red) rice, rice phenotypically similar to cultivars but exhibiting undesirable agronomic traits, has been observed in several Asian countries practicing DSR, and this poses a severe threat to the sustainability of the production system. Stale seedbeds, tillage practices for land leveling, choice of competitive rice cultivars, mechanical weeders, herbicides, and associated water management are component technologies essential to the control of weeds in DSR. Herbicides in particular are an important tool of weed management, but hand weeding is either partially or extensively practiced in countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Though yet to be globally commercialized, transgenic rice varieties engineered for herbicide resistance are a potential means of weed control. The release of herbicide-resistant rice for red rice control in the United States has indicated the need to critically examine mitigation methods for the control of gene flow. Integrating preventive and interventional methods of weed control remains essential in managing weed communities in DSR, both to prohibit the evolution of herbicide resistance and to maximize the relative contributions of individual components where herbicides are not widely used. There remains a need to further develop understanding of the mechanisms and dynamics of rice weed competition and of the community dynamics of weed populations in DSR to underpin sustainable weed management practices..

Noldin, J. A. ; Eberhardt, D. S. ; Zunino, J. ; Rampelotti, F. T. ; Vieira, J.. 2005. Monitoring and management of herbicide resistant weeds in paddy rice in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil. : 328 - 337.

The intensive use of herbicides for weed management in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil, resulted in the selection of weed populations resistant to herbicides. Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schlecht. was the first rice weed reported to be cross-resistant to ALS herbicides, including sulfonylureas, pyrimidinyloxybenzoic and imidazolinones, in Brazil. Nowadays, most of the rice área in Santa Catarina is infested with Sagittaria montevidensis resistant to ALS inhibitor herbicides. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and E. crus-pavonis (H.B.K.) Schultes populations, resistant to quinclorac, were also detected in several fields. Weed resistance monitoring tests also showed Cyperus difformis L. cross-resistant to ALS inhibitors and Fimbristylis miliacea L. Vahl resistant to sulfonylureas. Bentazon and carfentrazone control Sagittaria montevidensis resistant to ALS inhibitor herbicides. Cyperus difformis and Fimbristylis miliacea populations, resistant to ALS inhibitors, can be controlled by bentazon, propanil or triclopyr. Propanil, bispiribac-sodium and ACCase inhibitors effectively control populations of Echinochloa crus-galli and E. crus-pavonis, resistant to quinclorac..

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