<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Lindernia procumbens from Japan

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT COMMON FALSE-PIMPERNEL; AZENA (JAPANESE)
(Lindernia procumbens)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Japan, Yamagata

INTRODUCTION		COMMON FALSE-PIMPERNEL; AZENA (JAPANESE)
Common False-pimpernel; Azena (Japanese) (Lindernia procumbens) is a dicot weed in the Scrophulariaceae family. In Japan this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 1996 and infests Rice. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to bensulfuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Dec 28, 2013 )
Common Name	Common False-pimpernel; Azena (Japanese)
Species	Lindernia procumbens
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	bensulfuron-methyl
Location	Japan, Yamagata
Year	1996
Situation(s)	Rice
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Kazuyuki Itoh
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Kazuyuki Itoh

Named Azena in Japanese.

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GENERAL

Kazuyuki Itoh

Itoh 1997, Uchino et al. 1997.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Common False-pimpernel; Azena (Japanese) biotype with this Common False-pimpernel; Azena (Japanese) biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Common False-pimpernel; Azena (Japanese) have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Common False-pimpernel; Azena (Japanese) from Japan please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

KAZUYUKI ITOH

Professor Kobe University Graduate School of Agricultural Science １-１ Rokkodaicho Kobe, 657-0013, Hyogo Japan Email Kazuyuki Itoh

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Japan have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Kazuyuki Itoh for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Common False-pimpernel; Azena (Japanese) Globally
(Lindernia procumbens)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Japan

1996

Rice

bensulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Uchino, A. ; Watanabe, H.. 2007. In vivo assay of acetolactate synthase in different tissues of different developmental stages in several paddy weeds, Lindernia spp. and Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus. Journal of Weed Science and Technology 52 : 11 - 16.

This experiment was conducted in Akita prefecture, Japan, in 2003, to determine the appropriate plant tissues for SU herbicide tolerant biotype test on Lindernia spp. and Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus. Various parts and developmental stages of the plants were examined to reveal the differences of ALS activity, and also the effects of added pyruvic acid were examined. Seeds of Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbas, L. dubia (L.) var. major Pennell, L. micrantha D.Don and Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus were collected from Daisen city, Akita prefecture, and the seeds of L. dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia were collected from Shizukuishi town, Iwate prefecture. The Lindernia spp. were grown in a temperature-controlled room of 25 °C with 15 hours artificial light per day, and Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus were grown outside. The samples taken were: the plants of 9th to 15th leaf stage (Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbas, L. dubia (L.) var. major Pennell and L. dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia); the plants of 9th to 12th leaf stage (L. micrantha D.Don); and 4 to 14 weeks old plants of Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus. All the samples were examined by using in vivo assay method. The results showed that the highest ALS activity values of Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbas, L. dubia (L.) var. major Pennell and L. dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia were found in cane tops regardless of their developmental stage. In L. micrantha D.Don, the cane top of 9th leaf stage showed a high ALS activity. In Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus, stable ALS activity was found in top part of mature scapes. The results also showed that adding pyruvic acid to treatment solution of SU herbicide tolerant biotype test stabilized the results..

Miura, Y. ; Sakaiya, E.. 2002. Occurence of sulfonylurea-resistant biotype of weeds in paddy fields in Aomori prefecture. 1. Distribution of lindernia weeds. Tohoku Journal of Crop Science : 11 - 12.

Lindernia species were found to be resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides in Aomori prefecture (Japan) in 2001. Out of 39 samples, 38 showed resistance, including L. procumbens, L. dubia subsp. major, and L. dubia subsp. typica. The history of herbicide use during 1999-2001 was also analysed..

Kuk YongIn ; Lee DoJin ; Kwon OhDo. 2002. Resistant responses of the remaining weeds to sulfonylurea herbicides in Jeonnam, Korea. Korean Journal of Weed Science 22 : 163 - 171.

The remaining weed species in paddy fields was evaluated in Jeonnam, Korea, by questionnaire investigation and based on resistant responses to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors. Out of 114 farms in 15 districts, 50% of the farms had cultivated rice as a part of the farm income. Mechanical transplanting has been employed in more than 80% of the total cultivated rice fields. The most common herbicide treatments at post-transplanting included butachlor (17.5% of the total farms), pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+molinate (15.8%) and bensulfuron-methyl [bensulfuron]+molinate (12.3%). The most common weeds remaining after the herbicide treatment included Echinochloa crus-galli (24.6% of the total farms) and Monochoria vaginalis (23.7%). All remaining weeds were controlled by hand-weeding (39.8% of total farms) or by herbicide retreatment (29.8%). The same herbicide was used for 2 (32.5%) or 3 years (21.1%) in the same fields. In addition, 43.9% of the farmers used recommended herbicide rates, however, 40.4% of the farmers used rates higher than recommended. The weeds that germinated in 201 paddy field soils collected in Jeonnam included E. crus-galli, M. vaginalis, Lindernia procumbens, L. dubia and Rotala indica. M. vaginalis, Lindernia procumbens, L. dubia and R. indica were resistant to imazosulfuron in 74 of the 201 paddy field soils collected. M. vaginalis showed resistance to imazosulfuron in 61 different field samples. L. lubia, L. procumbens and R. indica accounted for the remainder of the weeds resistant to imazosulfuron. All the resistant weeds confirmed cross-resistance to ALS inhibitors, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, cinosulfuron, cyclosulfamuron, imazosulfuron, LGC-42153 and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl..

Uchino, A. ; Watanabe, H.. 2002. Mutations in the acetolactate synthase genes of sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Lindernia spp. Weed Biology and Management 2 : 104 - 109.

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) is a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of branched-chain amino acids. A mutation of the ALS gene causing amino acid substitution at the position of proline in Domain A makes ALS less sensitive to sulfonylureas, which are ALS-inhibiting herbicides. We cloned partial ALS genes from four Lindernia plants, L. dubia var. dubia, dubia var. major, L. micrantha, and L. procumbens, for which biotypes resistant to sulfonylureas have been found in paddy fields. The clones were classified into two groups in each Lindernia plant: Als1 and Als2. Sequencing of the clones and alignment of deduced amino acid sequences with previously reported ALS of other species suggested that the cloned region contains an intron in both Als1 and Als2. The comparison of Als1 between resistant and susceptible biotypes showed that the proline of Domain A was replaced by alanine, serine, or glutamine in all resistant biotypes of Lindernia plants, while it was conserved in all susceptible biotypes. This amino acid substitution in ALS encoded by Als1 is involved in the resistant mechanism of ALS to sulfonylurea in the four Lindernia plants..

Uchino, A. ; Itoh, K. ; Wang GuangXi ; Tachibana, M.. 2000. Sulfonylurea resistant biotypes of Lindernia species in the Tohoku region and their response to several herbicides. Journal of Weed Science and Technology 45 : 13 - 20.

The response to sulfonylurea herbicides was investigated in three species of Lindernia (L. procumbens, L. dubia var. major and L. dubia var. dubia) using plants from different sites in the Tohoku region of Japan. L. dubia var. dubia from a paddy field of Yuza Town, Yamagata Prefecture, were resistant to bensulfuron-methyl [bensulfuron] with an I50 (concentration of bensulfuron required to inhibit dry matter production by 50%) 5110 times higher than that of plants from Shizukuishi Town, Iwate Prefecture, in Wagner pot experiments. In deep Petri dish experiments, L. procumbens from Yuza Town, L. dubia var. major from Tajiri Town, Miyagi Prefecture, and L. dubia var. dubia from Yuza Town, were also resistant to bensulfuron with I50s 60.7, 10 200, and 14 100 times higher than that of susceptible plants of each species from Omagari City, Akita Prefecture or Shizukuishi Town. L. dubia var. dubia from Yuza Town showed cross resistance to other sulfonylurea rice herbicides, such as ethoxysulfuron, cyclosulfamuron, azimsulfuron, imazosulfuron and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl [pyrazosulfuron]. Preemergence application of pretilachlor, bifenox and cafenstrole controlled resistant plants effectively in the Wagner pot experiment. Naproanilide and simetryn/thiobencarb/MCPB controlled resistant plants effectively when applied at the 1st leaf stage of weeds in Wagner pot experiments. Application of herbicides including pretilachlor or naproanilide, simetryn/thiobencarb/MCPB and bentazone controlled resistant plants effectively in field studies conducted in Japan. It was concluded that these herbicides could be effective for the control of resistant Lindernia in paddy fields..

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